100 important MCQs on Agricultural Statistics, PYQ for competitive exams like upsssc AGTA, ICAR JRF/SRF, ARS/NET, UPSC, UPPCS-AE, and State Agriculture Exams

100+ important Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) on Agricultural Statistics, including some from previous years’ competitive exams like upsssc AGTA, ICAR JRF/SRF, ARS/NET, UPSC, UPPCS-AE, and State Agriculture Exams.

🔢 Agricultural Statistics – 100 Important MCQs with Answers

🧮 Section A: Basics of Statistics

Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency?
A) Mean
B) Median
C) Mode
D) Standard Deviation
Ans: D
The average of squared deviations from the mean is called:
A) Variance
B) Standard deviation
C) Mean deviation
D) Range
Ans: A
The most affected measure by extreme values is:
A) Mean
B) Median
C) Mode
D) Geometric Mean
Ans: A
In a perfectly symmetrical distribution:
A) Mean = Median = Mode
B) Mean < Median < Mode
C) Mean > Median > Mode
D) None of the above
Ans: A
If the coefficient of variation (CV) is 0%, the data is:
A) Homogeneous
B) Highly variable
C) Uniform
D) Dispersed
Ans: C

📊 Section B: Dispersion and Skewness

The square root of variance is called:
A) Range
B) Standard deviation
C) Quartile deviation
D) Mean deviation
Ans: B
If the distribution is positively skewed, then:
A) Mean < Median < Mode
B) Mode < Median < Mean
C) Mean = Median = Mode
D) None of the above
Ans: B
Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness formula:
A) (Mean – Mode)/SD
B) (Mean – Median)/SD
C) (3(Mean – Median))/SD
D) (Mean – Mode)/Variance
Ans: A

📈 Section C: Correlation & Regression

If r = 1, it indicates:
A) No correlation
B) Perfect positive correlation
C) Perfect negative correlation
D) Weak correlation
Ans: B
Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient lies between:
A) -2 and +2
B) -1 and +1
C) 0 and 1
D) 0 and 100
Ans: B
Regression line is used to:
A) Measure skewness
B) Measure central tendency
C) Predict one variable from another
D) Calculate dispersion
Ans: C
When correlation is zero:
A) Regression is not possible
B) Regression is zero
C) There is no linear relationship
D) Data is symmetrical
Ans: C

🔬 Section D: Design of Experiments (DOE)

Who developed the basic principles of experimental design?
A) R.A. Fisher
B) Karl Pearson
C) Galileo
D) Newton
Ans: A
The three basic principles of experimental design are:
A) Plotting, Observation, Analysis
B) Randomization, Replication, Local Control
C) Stratification, Sampling, Regression
D) Replication, Estimation, Control
Ans: B
Which design is most appropriate when soil fertility gradient exists?
A) CRD
B) RBD
C) LSD
D) Split Plot
Ans: C
In CRD, the error degrees of freedom is:
A) n – 1
B) t – 1
C) n – t
D) None of the above
Ans: C
In Randomized Block Design (RBD), the total variation is split into:
A) Treatment and error
B) Block and error
C) Treatment, block, and error
D) Total and error
Ans: C
Split-plot design is used when:
A) All treatments are equally important
B) One treatment needs more precision
C) The experiment is in CRD
D) There are only two treatments
Ans: B

🔁 Section E: Probability & Distribution

In a fair coin toss, the probability of getting a head is:
A) 1
B) 0.5
C) 0.25
D) 0
Ans: B
The sum of probabilities of all outcomes in a sample space is:
A) 0
B) 1
C) Infinite
D) Varies
Ans: B
Poisson distribution is used for:
A) Continuous data
B) Rate of rare events
C) Normal events
D) Correlated data
Ans: B
The normal distribution curve is:
A) Skewed
B) Bell-shaped
C) Rectangular
D) Uniform
Ans: B
Binomial distribution is used for:
A) Continuous variables
B) Success/failure experiments
C) Multinomial data
D) Skewed data
Ans: B

📦 Section F: Sampling & Data Collection

The most commonly used sampling method in agricultural research:
A) Systematic Sampling
B) Simple Random Sampling
C) Cluster Sampling
D) Quota Sampling
Ans: B
When every kth item is selected, the method is called:
A) Random
B) Systematic
C) Cluster
D) Stratified
Ans: B
In stratified sampling, the population is divided into:
A) Blocks
B) Units
C) Strata
D) Groups
Ans: C
Sample size increases with:
A) Increased population
B) Decreased variability
C) Desired precision
D) All of the above
Ans: D

🧠 Section G: Statistical Software & Applications

The software commonly used for agricultural data analysis:
A) Photoshop
B) SPSS
C) ArcGIS
D) Notepad
Ans: B
R software is mainly used for:
A) Typing
B) Statistical computing
C) Drawing
D) Planting
Ans: B
In Excel, the function for mean is:
A) =MEDIAN()
B) =MODE()
C) =AVERAGE()
D) =MEAN()
Ans: C

Agricultural Statistics general:

Which test is used to compare means of two related samples?
A) t-test for independent samples
B) Paired t-test
C) ANOVA
D) F-test
Ans: B
The F-test is used to compare:
A) Means
B) Variances
C) Correlations
D) Medians
Ans: B
Chi-square test is applicable to:
A) Categorical data
B) Continuous data
C) Time series data
D) Correlated data
Ans: A
The area under a normal curve is equal to:
A) 0
B) 1
C) 100
D) Infinity
Ans: B
Degrees of freedom in t-test for comparing two independent samples with equal size ‘n’ is:
A) n
B) 2n
C) 2n – 1
D) 2n – 2
Ans: D
Which of the following tests is non-parametric?
A) F-test
B) Z-test
C) Chi-square test
D) t-test
Ans: C
The Central Limit Theorem is applicable for:
A) Small samples
B) Any sample size
C) Large samples
D) Skewed populations
Ans: C
Latin Square Design is best when:
A) One source of variation exists
B) Two sources of variation exist
C) More than two sources exist
D) No variation exists
Ans: B
The number of replications in CRD depends on:
A) Number of treatments only
B) Field size only
C) Desired precision and variability
D) Crop type only
Ans: C
When error variance is reduced, the precision of experiment:
A) Decreases
B) Increases
C) Remains unchanged
D) Doubles
Ans: B
The best experimental design under greenhouse conditions is:
A) CRD
B) RBD
C) LSD
D) Factorial
Ans: A
Coefficient of correlation is denoted by:
A) b
B) r
C) x̄
D) σ
Ans: B
A scatter diagram is used to study:
A) Mean
B) Variance
C) Correlation
D) Frequency
Ans: C
The error sum of squares is used to calculate:
A) Mean
B) SD
C) F-ratio
D) CV
Ans: C
In ANOVA, the F-value is the ratio of:
A) Treatment SS / Error SS
B) Between group variance / Within group variance
C) Total SS / Error SS
D) Replication SS / Treatment SS
Ans: B
The unit of coefficient of variation is:
A) Percent
B) Ratio
C) Unitless
D) Decimal
Ans: A
The expected mean square in RBD for treatments is:
A) σ²
B) σ² + rt
C) σ² + r∑t²
D) σ² + rτ²
Ans: D
Which experimental design gives highest precision?
A) CRD
B) RBD
C) LSD
D) Split-plot
Ans: C
The sum of deviations from mean is always:
A) 0
B) 1
C) Equal to mean
D) Equal to SD
Ans: A
For a normal distribution, skewness is:
A) Positive
B) Negative
C) Zero
D) One
Ans: C
Mean is affected by:
A) Middle values
B) Extreme values
C) Mode
D) None of the above
Ans: B
The standard error decreases when sample size:
A) Increases
B) Decreases
C) Remains unchanged
D) None
Ans: A
Factorial experiments are used to:
A) Increase area
B) Compare designs
C) Study interaction effects
D) Reduce cost
Ans: C
In a 2×2 factorial design, total treatments are:
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 8
Ans: B
When interaction is significant in factorial, we should:
A) Ignore it
B) Interpret main effects
C) Interpret interaction
D) Repeat experiment
Ans: C
S.E.d stands for:
A) Standard error of difference
B) Sample error deviation
C) Specific error deviation
D) Standard error design
Ans: A
Statistical inference is concerned with:
A) Summarizing data
B) Drawing conclusions about population from sample
C) Data collection
D) Tabulation
Ans: B
Z-test is used when sample size is:
A) <30
B) >30
C) <10
D) Unknown
Ans: B
In CRD with 3 treatments and 4 replications, total degrees of freedom are:
A) 11
B) 12
C) 10
D) 9
Ans: A
The error degrees of freedom in LSD with 4 treatments and 4 replications:
A) 6
B) 9
C) 18
D) 24
Ans: C
Which of the following is a probability sampling method?
A) Judgment sampling
B) Convenience sampling
C) Random sampling
D) Quota sampling
Ans: C
In statistics, a population refers to:
A) Group of animals
B) Sample only
C) Entire data set under study
D) Only human data
Ans: C
A parameter refers to:
A) Population characteristic
B) Sample characteristic
C) Both
D) None
Ans: A
Which one is a continuous variable?
A) Height
B) Gender
C) Religion
D) Blood group
Ans: A
Data arranged in order of magnitude is called:
A) Categorical
B) Nominal
C) Ordinal
D) Ratio
Ans: C
In descriptive statistics, which is not included?
A) Mean
B) Median
C) Sampling error
D) Mode
Ans: C
Design with main plot and sub-plot treatments is called:
A) Factorial
B) CRD
C) Split-plot
D) LSD
Ans: C
In split-plot design, more precision is for:
A) Main plot
B) Sub-plot
C) Block
D) Interaction
Ans: B
The logarithm of product is equal to:
A) Product of logs
B) Sum of logs
C) Difference of logs
D) Log of average
Ans: B
Regression coefficient of x on y is denoted by:
A) bxy
B) byx
C) r
D) R²
Ans: A
When R² = 1, it means:
A) Perfect correlation
B) No correlation
C) No regression
D) Zero slope
Ans: A
A good estimate is:
A) Biased
B) Inefficient
C) Consistent
D) Random
Ans: C
In ANOVA, treatments are tested for:
A) Homogeneity
B) Significance
C) Normality
D) Randomness
Ans: B
Dummy variables are used in:
A) Qualitative regression
B) Quantitative regression
C) ANOVA
D) LSD
Ans: A
Which scale is used for categorical data?
A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio
Ans: A
A frequency polygon is plotted using:
A) Frequencies
B) Mid-values
C) Class boundaries
D) Cumulative frequencies
Ans: B
Histogram is constructed for:
A) Continuous data
B) Categorical data
C) Nominal data
D) Ordinal data
Ans: A
The chi-square test compares:
A) Observed and expected frequencies
B) Means
C) Variances
D) Sums
Ans: A
Standard deviation is denoted by:
A) µ
B) σ
C) r
D) Σ
Ans: B
A normal distribution has kurtosis equal to:
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 0
Ans: C
If standard deviation is zero, all values are:
A) Same
B) Different
C) Random
D) Uniformly spaced
Ans: A
Best measure of central tendency for open-end class data is:
A) Mean
B) Mode
C) Median
D) Range
Ans: C
The variability of a statistic from sample to sample is called:
A) Bias
B) Standard error
C) Deviation
D) Range
Ans: B
What is the sum of squares of deviations from the mean divided by (n-1)?
A) Standard error
B) Variance
C) Coefficient of variation
D) Mean
Ans: B
When sample mean = population mean, estimator is:
A) Biased
B) Unbiased
C) Efficient
D) Consistent
Ans: B
Z-test is used when:
A) Population SD is known
B) Sample size < 30
C) Population is unknown
D) Error is large
Ans: A
A test statistic measures:
A) Sampling error
B) Distance from hypothesis
C) Degree of freedom
D) Confidence
Ans: B
95% confidence level means:
A) 95 samples match
B) 95% area under curve
C) 95% error
D) None
Ans: B
A graph showing five-number summary is:
A) Pie chart
B) Box plot
C) Histogram
D) Bar chart
Ans: B
Standard deviation of sample mean is called:
A) Standard error
B) Variance
C) Range
D) Median
Ans: A
Which is not a design of experiment?
A) CRD
B) RBD
C) LSD
D) PDF
Ans: D
The square of correlation coefficient is:
A) Mean
B) R²
C) Slope
D) SD
Ans: B
Index number is used to study:
A) Cost
B) Price changes
C) Area
D) Yield
Ans: B
Which test is used to test equality of variances?
A) F-test
B) t-test
C) Z-test
D) Chi-square
Ans: A
Factorial experiments are mainly used to:
A) Increase replications
B) Decrease error
C) Study interactions
D) Control variability
Ans: C
ANOVA is based on the assumption of:
A) Normality
B) Equal variances
C) Independence
D) All of the above
Ans: D
The graphical representation of cumulative frequency is:
A) Histogram
B) Frequency polygon
C) Ogive
D) Pie chart
Ans: C
An estimator with least variance is called:
A) Biased
B) Efficient
C) Random
D) Consistent
Ans: B
What is the full form of ANOVA?
A) Analysis of Variance
B) Average of Variables
C) Analysis of Variables
D) Average Nominal Value
Ans: A
In RBD, the treatment sum of squares is tested against:
A) Block SS
B) Error SS
C) Total SS
D) Replication SS
Ans: B

✅ 20 MCQs on Institutions, Scientists & Milestones in Agricultural Statistics

1. Which Indian institute is the pioneer in agricultural statistics research?
A) IARI
B) IASRI
C) ICAR
D) NAARM
✅ Answer: B) IASRI
📅 Established: 1959
👨‍🔬 Key Scientist: Dr. V.G. Panse

2. Who is considered the father of Agricultural Statistics in India?
A) Dr. M.S. Swaminathan
B) Dr. V.G. Panse
C) Dr. B.P. Pal
D) Dr. P.C. Mahalanobis
✅ Answer: B) Dr. V.G. Panse
📅 Contribution Period: 1940s–1970s
🏢 Institution: ICAR

3. Which institute was originally known as Statistical Section of IARI?
A) IASSI
B) IASRI
C) ISI
D) CSO
✅ Answer: B) IASRI
📅 Renamed in: 1959

4. Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) was founded by:
A) R.A. Fisher
B) V.G. Panse
C) P.C. Mahalanobis
D) M.S. Swaminathan
✅ Answer: C) P.C. Mahalanobis
📅 Established: 1931
📍 Place: Kolkata

5. Which Indian scientist developed the concept of “Random Sampling” for agricultural surveys?
A) R.A. Fisher
B) P.C. Mahalanobis
C) V.G. Panse
D) B.L. Agarwal
✅ Answer: P.C. Mahalanobis
📅 Introduced: 1940s
🏢 Institution: ISI

6. The All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on Cost of Cultivation was initiated by:
A) CSO
B) IASRI
C) ISI
D) DES
✅ Answer: B) IASRI
📅 Initiated in: 1970

7. Who introduced the concept of Designed Experiments in agricultural research?
A) R.A. Fisher
B) V.G. Panse
C) B.L. Agarwal
D) Karl Pearson
✅ Answer: A) R.A. Fisher
📅 Published “Design of Experiments” in: 1935
🌍 Country: UK

8. The first Agricultural Census in India was conducted in:
A) 1951
B) 1970
C) 1960
D) 1976
✅ Answer: B) 1970
🏢 Agency: Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India

9. National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) was established in:
A) 1949
B) 1950
C) 1951
D) 1952
✅ Answer: C) 1951
👨‍🔬 Key Initiator: P.C. Mahalanobis

10. The Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES) works under:
A) Ministry of Statistics
B) ICAR
C) Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
D) CSIR
✅ Answer: C) Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
📅 Established: 1946

11. Which Indian institution maintains data on crop estimation surveys?
A) IASRI
B) ISI
C) NSSO
D) DES
✅ Answer: D) DES
📅 Regular Surveys Since: 1950s

12. Agro-Economic Research Centres (AERCs) were established first in the year:
A) 1952
B) 1965
C) 1971
D) 1945
✅ Answer: A) 1952
📍 First Centres: Delhi & Pune

13. Which scientist played a major role in establishing agricultural statistical research in India through ICAR?
A) P.C. Mahalanobis
B) Dr. V.G. Panse
C) Dr. M.S. Randhawa
D) Dr. R.S. Paroda
✅ Answer: B) Dr. V.G. Panse

14. Which institute publishes the “Agricultural Research Data Book”?
A) ICAR
B) IASRI
C) ISI
D) DES
✅ Answer: B) IASRI
📅 First Published: 1997

15. Sample Survey in India started by Mahalanobis was first used for estimating:
A) Rice yield
B) Population
C) Family budgets
D) Crop acreage
✅ Answer: D) Crop acreage
📅 Initiated: 1940
🏢 Institution: ISI

16. The National Statistical Commission was established in:
A) 2001
B) 2005
C) 1999
D) 2000
✅ Answer: A) 2001
👨‍🔬 Chairman: Dr. C. Rangarajan

17. Which year was Agricultural Statistics recognized as a separate discipline under ICAR?
A) 1952
B) 1955
C) 1964
D) 1970
✅ Answer: C) 1964

18. National Academy of Agricultural Research Management (NAARM) was established in:
A) 1976
B) 1980
C) 1970
D) 1986
✅ Answer: A) 1976
📍 Location: Hyderabad

19. Which Indian institute collaborates with FAO for global agricultural statistics?
A) IASRI
B) ISI
C) ICAR
D) DES
✅ Answer: D) DES

20. Which scientist is known for developing Randomized Block Design (RBD)?
A) Fisher
B) Mahalanobis
C) Cochran
D) Panse
✅ Answer: A) Fisher
📅 Year of Concept: 1926
📘 Book: “Statistical Methods for Research Workers”

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