MCQs with answers on Irrigation, Drainage, and Watershed Management for agriculture competitive exams (e.g., UPSC, UPPSC, IBPS AFO, UPSSSC AGTA, etc.):
100 MCQs with answers on Irrigation, Drainage, and Watershed Management for agriculture competitive exams (e.g., UPSC, UPPSC, IBPS AFO, UPSSSC AGTA, etc.):
Irrigation, Drainage, and Watershed Management – MCQs
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Which irrigation method is most suitable for row crops like maize and cotton?
a) Drip
b) Sprinkler
c) Surface
d) Subsurface
Answer: c) Surface -
The unit of irrigation water measurement is:
a) Cubic metre
b) Litre
c) Cusec
d) Hectare-metre
Answer: d) Hectare-metre -
Duty of water is defined as:
a) Volume of water per hectare
b) Area irrigated per unit of water
c) Flow rate of irrigation water
d) Crop water requirement
Answer: b) Area irrigated per unit of water -
Delta of a crop is expressed in:
a) Cubic metres
b) Centimetres
c) Days
d) Litres
Answer: b) Centimetres -
Which crop has the highest water requirement?
a) Maize
b) Sorghum
c) Sugarcane
d) Wheat
Answer: c) Sugarcane -
Irrigation scheduling means:
a) Quantity of irrigation water
b) Type of irrigation
c) Time and frequency of irrigation
d) Layout of irrigation
Answer: c) Time and frequency of irrigation -
The field water use efficiency is calculated as:
a) Water applied / Water stored
b) Water stored / Water lost
c) Crop yield / Water used
d) Water used / Water supplied
Answer: c) Crop yield / Water used -
Which structure is used to prevent soil erosion in watershed management?
a) Check dam
b) Canal
c) Tube well
d) Infiltration gallery
Answer: a) Check dam -
The main objective of drainage is:
a) Remove surface water
b) Remove saline water
c) Remove excess water
d) Apply water
Answer: c) Remove excess water -
Subsurface drainage is commonly used to:
a) Store rainwater
b) Remove groundwater
c) Add nutrients
d) Conserve soil
Answer: b) Remove groundwater -
Which soil requires frequent irrigation?
a) Clay
b) Sandy
c) Loamy
d) Silty
Answer: b) Sandy -
Which irrigation method saves maximum water?
a) Flood
b) Sprinkler
c) Drip
d) Basin
Answer: c) Drip -
Percolation loss is maximum in:
a) Sandy soils
b) Clay soils
c) Silty soils
d) Loamy soils
Answer: a) Sandy soils -
Which type of irrigation is used for orchards?
a) Furrow
b) Drip
c) Border strip
d) Sprinkler
Answer: b) Drip -
The amount of water required to bring soil to field capacity is called:
a) Permanent wilting point
b) Saturation point
c) Irrigation requirement
d) Available water
Answer: c) Irrigation requirement -
Watershed is defined as:
a) Area between two mountains
b) Drainage basin of a river
c) River flow path
d) Water-logged area
Answer: b) Drainage basin of a river -
Best method for irrigation in undulating topography is:
a) Surface
b) Drip
c) Sprinkler
d) Border
Answer: c) Sprinkler -
Evapotranspiration includes:
a) Soil evaporation only
b) Plant transpiration only
c) Both a and b
d) Groundwater loss
Answer: c) Both a and b -
Most suitable drain for water-logged black soils:
a) Open drain
b) Subsurface drain
c) Vertical drain
d) Tile drain
Answer: a) Open drain -
Which of the following is a major component of watershed management?
a) Soil conservation
b) Water harvesting
c) Vegetation cover
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above -
Bunding is practiced mainly to:
a) Increase infiltration
b) Prevent runoff
c) Reduce evaporation
d) Promote leaching
Answer: b) Prevent runoff -
Water holding capacity is highest in:
a) Sandy soil
b) Silty soil
c) Clay soil
d) Gravel
Answer: c) Clay soil -
Which crop is considered a protective irrigation crop?
a) Rice
b) Wheat
c) Groundnut
d) Cotton
Answer: b) Wheat -
Which structure is used to reduce the speed of runoff in a watershed?
a) Percolation tank
b) Gabion structure
c) Tube well
d) Lift irrigation
Answer: b) Gabion structure -
Which of the following is NOT a method of water harvesting?
a) Farm pond
b) Rooftop collection
c) Subsurface tiling
d) Check dam
Answer: c) Subsurface tiling
-
What is the main cause of waterlogging?
a) Excess irrigation
b) Heavy rainfall
c) Poor drainage
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above -
Sprinkler irrigation is most efficient on:
a) Clayey soil
b) Loamy soil
c) Sandy soil
d) Marshy soil
Answer: c) Sandy soil -
The process of downward movement of water in soil is called:
a) Infiltration
b) Percolation
c) Seepage
d) Evaporation
Answer: b) Percolation -
The ratio of irrigation water stored in the root zone to that delivered at the field inlet is:
a) Water application efficiency
b) Conveyance efficiency
c) Water use efficiency
d) Irrigation efficiency
Answer: a) Water application efficiency -
In watershed management, the treatment given to watercourses is called:
a) Area treatment
b) Drainage treatment
c) Line treatment
d) Watercourse treatment
Answer: c) Line treatment -
Which of the following is a major benefit of micro-irrigation?
a) Leaching of nutrients
b) Increased weed growth
c) Reduction in water use
d) Surface runoff
Answer: c) Reduction in water use -
Which type of soil has the highest infiltration rate?
a) Clay
b) Loam
c) Sand
d) Silt
Answer: c) Sand -
What is the first stage in watershed development planning?
a) Plantation
b) Site selection
c) Survey and data collection
d) Construction
Answer: c) Survey and data collection -
The crop factor (Kc) is used in calculating:
a) Effective rainfall
b) Irrigation interval
c) Crop evapotranspiration
d) Soil moisture
Answer: c) Crop evapotranspiration -
Which of the following crops is least tolerant to waterlogging?
a) Rice
b) Jute
c) Maize
d) Sugarcane
Answer: c) Maize -
Which factor increases the efficiency of irrigation?
a) Use of levelling
b) Proper irrigation scheduling
c) Use of water-saving techniques
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above -
Which water conveyance structure is most common in canal irrigation?
a) PVC pipe
b) Earthen channel
c) Underground pipeline
d) None of these
Answer: b) Earthen channel -
Which drainage system is best for paddy fields?
a) Open surface
b) Tile drainage
c) Vertical drainage
d) Combined drainage
Answer: a) Open surface -
Which of the following increases soil salinity?
a) Over-irrigation
b) Poor drainage
c) High evaporation
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above -
Which water harvesting structure is suitable for hilly areas?
a) Farm pond
b) Check dam
c) Percolation tank
d) Nala bund
Answer: b) Check dam -
The depth of irrigation depends on:
a) Root zone depth
b) Soil texture
c) Crop type
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above -
Which of the following is a component of drip irrigation?
a) Lateral pipe
b) Filter
c) Emitters
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above -
Which structure is used to lift water from underground aquifers?
a) Canal
b) Check dam
c) Tube well
d) Percolation tank
Answer: c) Tube well -
Which crop requires the least amount of irrigation water?
a) Barley
b) Paddy
c) Sugarcane
d) Banana
Answer: a) Barley -
Which parameter indicates the effectiveness of rainfall in irrigation?
a) Potential evapotranspiration
b) Effective rainfall
c) Rainfall intensity
d) Water holding capacity
Answer: b) Effective rainfall -
Which of the following is a measure to improve groundwater recharge?
a) Dug well
b) Percolation tank
c) Tube well
d) Drip irrigation
Answer: b) Percolation tank -
Which instrument is used to measure soil moisture?
a) Anemometer
b) Thermometer
c) Tensiometer
d) Hygrometer
Answer: c) Tensiometer -
The most suitable drainage for saline soils is:
a) Horizontal
b) Vertical
c) Open
d) Tile
Answer: b) Vertical -
A structure that allows excess water to safely flow out of a storage system is called:
a) Check dam
b) Spillway
c) Sluice gate
d) Percolation tank
Answer: b) Spillway -
Which type of bund is used in black soils?
a) Contour bund
b) Graded bund
c) Stone bund
d) Vegetative bund
Answer: a) Contour bund
-
Which of the following crops is a critical crop for irrigation scheduling?
a) Sugarcane
b) Wheat
c) Groundnut
d) Potato
Answer: b) Wheat -
Pan evaporation method is used to measure:
a) Infiltration
b) Evapotranspiration
c) Soil moisture
d) Runoff
Answer: b) Evapotranspiration -
Which device is used to control water flow in a field channel?
a) Flume
b) Divider
c) Field gate
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above -
Borewell is an example of:
a) Surface irrigation
b) Subsurface water source
c) Open channel
d) Percolation source
Answer: b) Subsurface water source -
Best time of irrigation to wheat is at:
a) Tillering stage
b) Crown root initiation stage
c) Booting stage
d) Dough stage
Answer: b) Crown root initiation stage -
What is the optimum angle of contour bunds to the slope?
a) 45°
b) 90°
c) Parallel to contour line
d) Perpendicular to contour line
Answer: c) Parallel to contour line -
Which of the following is a component of watershed development?
a) Water harvesting
b) Livelihood promotion
c) Soil conservation
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above -
Which is not a major factor influencing irrigation water requirement?
a) Crop type
b) Rainfall
c) Seed size
d) Soil type
Answer: c) Seed size -
The most suitable irrigation method for undulating lands and horticulture crops is:
a) Surface irrigation
b) Border irrigation
c) Sprinkler irrigation
d) Sub-irrigation
Answer: c) Sprinkler irrigation -
Which of the following increases efficiency of drip irrigation?
a) Fertigation
b) Lateral flushing
c) Use of emitters
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above -
An area from which runoff collects and drains into a common outlet is called:
a) Watershed
b) Drainage line
c) Command area
d) Water divide
Answer: a) Watershed -
In watershed treatment, 'check dams' are classified as:
a) Vegetative measures
b) Mechanical measures
c) Biological measures
d) Agronomic measures
Answer: b) Mechanical measures -
What is the major cause of salinity in irrigated lands?
a) Excess fertilization
b) Low rainfall
c) Poor drainage
d) Low evaporation
Answer: c) Poor drainage -
Consumptive use of water refers to:
a) Water lost during conveyance
b) Water used by plant through evapotranspiration
c) Runoff
d) Leaching
Answer: b) Water used by plant through evapotranspiration -
Which crop is most sensitive to water stress during flowering stage?
a) Cotton
b) Maize
c) Groundnut
d) Sunflower
Answer: b) Maize -
Lysimeter is used to measure:
a) Soil temperature
b) Evapotranspiration
c) Infiltration
d) Soil pH
Answer: b) Evapotranspiration -
Which of the following improves water use efficiency in canal irrigation?
a) Concrete lining
b) Short rotation
c) Open channels
d) Frequent irrigation
Answer: a) Concrete lining -
The spacing of laterals in drip irrigation depends on:
a) Crop spacing
b) Soil texture
c) Water pressure
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above -
Best time for irrigation in rabi season is:
a) Morning
b) Noon
c) Evening
d) Night
Answer: c) Evening -
Field capacity is defined as:
a) Water held in soil against gravity
b) Maximum water soil can hold
c) Water content at wilting point
d) Water content at saturation
Answer: a) Water held in soil against gravity -
Waterlogging adversely affects plant growth due to:
a) Lack of nutrients
b) Oxygen deficiency
c) Too much sunlight
d) Temperature variation
Answer: b) Oxygen deficiency -
Which parameter directly influences runoff?
a) Soil type
b) Rainfall intensity
c) Slope
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above -
Which of the following is not a micro-irrigation method?
a) Drip
b) Bubbler
c) Sprinkler
d) Furrow
Answer: d) Furrow -
The principle behind contour farming is:
a) Reducing temperature
b) Controlling erosion
c) Reducing nutrient loss
d) Both b and c
Answer: d) Both b and c -
Main advantage of watershed management is:
a) Reduces pest incidence
b) Increases water table
c) Enhances labor use
d) Improves drainage
Answer: b) Increases water table
-
Which type of irrigation is most suitable for orchards?
a) Furrow irrigation
b) Drip irrigation
c) Border irrigation
d) Sprinkler irrigation
Answer: b) Drip irrigation -
What is the term for water that drains below the root zone?
a) Seepage
b) Runoff
c) Deep percolation
d) Infiltration
Answer: c) Deep percolation -
Which of the following is not a method of surface irrigation?
a) Basin
b) Furrow
c) Drip
d) Border
Answer: c) Drip -
Watershed boundary is also called:
a) Water divide
b) Runoff line
c) Recharge zone
d) Crest line
Answer: a) Water divide -
Which is the main source of water in irrigation tanks?
a) Groundwater
b) Surface runoff
c) Canal water
d) Rainwater
Answer: d) Rainwater -
Which component is essential for a sprinkler irrigation system?
a) Drip emitter
b) Lateral pipe
c) Sprinkler nozzle
d) Both b and c
Answer: d) Both b and c -
Which soil has the lowest water holding capacity?
a) Sandy
b) Loamy
c) Clayey
d) Silty
Answer: a) Sandy -
Permeability of soil affects:
a) Surface runoff
b) Water holding capacity
c) Infiltration rate
d) Crop yield
Answer: c) Infiltration rate -
Which government program focuses on watershed development?
a) PMKSY
b) MNREGA
c) NHM
d) NFSM
Answer: a) PMKSY -
Which of the following is a disadvantage of surface irrigation?
a) High labor cost
b) Low water use efficiency
c) Complex equipment
d) Requires electricity
Answer: b) Low water use efficiency -
The term "command area" refers to:
a) Irrigated area by a dam
b) Area served by a river
c) Catchment of a watershed
d) Land under forest cover
Answer: a) Irrigated area by a dam -
Which of the following contributes to salinity and alkalinity of soil?
a) Canal seepage
b) Excess fertilizer
c) Untreated drainage
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above -
Which one is a permanent structure for water harvesting?
a) Earthen bund
b) Farm pond
c) Temporary check dam
d) Trenches
Answer: b) Farm pond -
Best method to reduce seepage losses in canals is:
a) Deepening the canal
b) Increasing flow rate
c) Lining with cement concrete
d) Frequent desilting
Answer: c) Lining with cement concrete -
Which of the following is a form of sub-surface drainage?
a) Open ditch
b) Tile drainage
c) Surface bunds
d) Check dams
Answer: b) Tile drainage -
Which crop can tolerate water stagnation?
a) Maize
b) Cotton
c) Rice
d) Groundnut
Answer: c) Rice -
Which is used to assess water table depth?
a) Piezometer
b) Lysimeter
c) Rain gauge
d) Hygrometer
Answer: a) Piezometer -
Water use efficiency is defined as:
a) Yield per unit water used
b) Water used for irrigation
c) Evaporation rate
d) Effective rainfall
Answer: a) Yield per unit water used -
Which of the following does NOT affect irrigation interval?
a) Crop type
b) Soil type
c) Fertilizer use
d) Climatic condition
Answer: c) Fertilizer use -
Which structure slows down runoff and promotes infiltration?
a) Gully plug
b) Gabion structure
c) Check dam
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above -
Excessive use of irrigation water leads to:
a) Drought
b) Waterlogging
c) Salinity
d) Both b and c
Answer: d) Both b and c -
The loss of water as vapor from soil and plant is called:
a) Evaporation
b) Infiltration
c) Seepage
d) Evapotranspiration
Answer: d) Evapotranspiration -
Which soil is ideal for surface irrigation?
a) Sandy
b) Clayey
c) Loamy
d) Rocky
Answer: c) Loamy -
Water stress at which stage of wheat reduces yield the most?
a) Germination
b) Crown root initiation
c) Milking
d) Heading
Answer: b) Crown root initiation -
A good indicator of drainage requirement in field is:
a) Low crop yield
b) Cracks in soil
c) Rising water table
d) Algae growth
Answer: c) Rising water table
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